Off-farm employment and agricultural land use efficiency in China

The non-agricultural employment transfer of the rural labor force has fundamentally changed input in China recent decades. A good understanding how off-farm laborers affects agricultural land use is needed. We Driscoll and Kraay standard errors fixed effects model to investigate relationship between laborers’ efficiency based on a panel data 1961 counties China. find that distribution county-level heavily skewed right, with many below national average level. also identify robust U-shaped change efficiency, indicating substitution effect capital technology for from weak strong. findings have important policy implications joint reform household registration (hukou) system (i.e., Three Rights Separation Reform) Using criteria derived empirical analysis, we perform content analysis assess 20 policies implemented 2014 2020. these documents covered three areas improve is, rural-urban mobility, rights market development, protection. Although synergy among not yet been achieved, central government already put place enable support coordinated actions areas. lessons learned serve as helpful reference addressing challenge loss other developing countries.